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RADIOGRAPHY |
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Radiography involves the use of penetrating X
or gamma radiation to examine parts and products for imperfections. An
x-ray machine or radioactive isotope is used as a source of radiation.
Radiation is directed through a part and onto film. When the film is
developed, a shadowgraph is obtained that shows internal soundness of
a part. Possible imperfections show up as density changes in the film,
in much the same manner as an x-ray can show broken bones. |
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MAGNETIC PARTICLE |
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Magnetic particle testing is done by inducing
a magnetic field in a ferro-magentic material and dusting the surface
with iron particles (either dry or suspended in a liquid). Surface
imperfections will distort the magnetic field and concentrate the iron
particles near imperfections, thus indicating their presence. |
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ULTRASONIC |
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Ultrasonic testing uses the transmission of
high frequency sound waves, into a material to detect imperfections
within the material or changes in material properties. The most
commonly used ultrasonic testing technique is pulse echo wherein sound
is introduced into the test object and refelctions (echoes) are
returned to a receiver from internal imperfections or from geometrical
surfaces of the part. |
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LIQUID PENETRANT |
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Liquid penetrant testing is probably the most
widely used NDT method. The test object or material is coated with a
visible or fluorescent dye solution. The excess dye is removed from
the surface, and then a developer is applied. The developer acts like
a blotter and draws penetrant out of imperfections which are open to
the surface. With visible dyes, the vivid color contrast between the
penetrant and the developer makes the "bleedout" easy to see. With
flourescent dyes, an ultraviolet lamp is used to make the
imperfections easier to see. |
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VISUAL |
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Probably the oldest and most common method of
NDT is visual examination, which has numerous industrial and
commercial applications. Examiners follow procedures ranging from
simple to very complex, some of which involve comparison of
workmanship samples with production parts. Visual techniques are used
with all other NDT methods |
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the Automatic P and T Scan Ultrasonic Testing,
to identify defects in weld metal or other damaged zones in parent
material, also in remote areas without any scaffolding or other access
means, giving a visual presentation of the imperfections. |
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the Wave Maker Rapid Pipe Screening System,
to inspect for corrosion or other defects, also in areas of difficult
access, long length of pipes up to 50 meters in both directions)
filled both with gas or liquid, without the need to be taken out of
service and requiring a minimal surface
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preparation. |
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the Floor Scanner Inspection System, devoted to detect
corroded and/or of immediate concern areas in the critical
storage tank environment, applying an advanced magnetic flux
leakage technology, acquiring and analyzing data in real time. |
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the Alternating Current Field Measurement, for
detection and sizing of cracks in metallic components also
through paint and coating (up to several millimeters thick)
and/or at high temperature (using suitable probes) without need
to shut down the plant process.
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